Reaction barrel with rocket nozzles in staggered alignment and connecting ducts of unequal length

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for recovering energy from a wet oxidation products stream flow includes channeling the stream flow to an energy recovery assembly (10). The assembly (10) includes a rotatable reactor barrel (32). The reaction barrel (32) is mounted on an axle (33) for rotation therewith. The reaction barrel (32) has races (40) disposed in juxtaposition and circumferentially about the axle (33). Each race (40) is disk-like in shape, has an outer rim, and may be juxtapositioned adjacent to another race (40). The reactor barrel (32) is provided with a plurality of rocket nozzles (41) on each race (40), and rocket nozzles (41) on adjacent races (40) may be in staggered alignment with the rocket nozzles (41) of an adjacent race (40). The stream flow is channeled to and expelled through the rocket nozzles (41), thus causing the reactor barrel (32) to rotate. The stream flow may be channeled via nozzle ducts (52) having varying lengths to control the flow to the rocket nozzles (41). Rotational energy is transferred from the reactor (32) to a generator (43) Where electrical power is produced.

This application is a division of application Ser. No. 07/748,513, filedAug. 22, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,147,564.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a method and apparatus to effect the recoveryof otherwise wasted energy. More particularly, this invention providesfor the generation of electrical power from the energy produced from thecombustion of oxidizable materials in water. Moreover, this inventionprovides for the recovery of mechanical energy from mixed gases andliquids from a wet oxidation, products stream flow without priorseparation of the gases and liquids.

BACKGROUND ART

It is known that the wet combustion of organic materials in water willproduce high pressure, heated water with enough internal energy tojustify the recovery of mechanical energy. One such method of recoveryincludes the separation of steam from the other fluids of the mixture,utilizing an expansion turbine to produce the energy. However, theseparation of steam from the fluids mix results in most of the actualenergy being left in the high pressure and temperature water, andtherefore not available for energy recovery. At room pressures, lessthan seventeen percent of the heat energy is in the fluid, and the restis in the steam. At 2000 pounds per square inch pressure, sixty percentof the heat energy is in the water and the rest is in the steam. If thesteam is separated at two thousand pounds pressure, most of the heatstays with the water, and is denied to the energy recovery from steam.

It has been found that the higher the pressure, the poorer theefficiency of separation. At 3200 pounds pressure, such as disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 4,543,190, virtually all of the energy is in the water,because at supercritical conditions, by definition, there is no phasedifference between steam and water. The problem this creates is that forevery gallon of water used for power recovery, another gallon of waterhas to be raised to the operating pressure, and very little net energy,if any, is recovered for use outside of the system.

The problem is further complicated in that a hundred pounds of steamonly yields the equivalent of ten to twenty pounds of steam in the formof electrical energy. This is due to the inherent inefficiency in theexpansion turbine wherein the majority of the energy is lost when thespent steam is condensed and that heat of condensation is lost to thecooling tower.

Most energy recovery methods heretofore known in the art have consistedprimarily of the type employing recirculation of hot water. There existsa need to recover the internal energy from a mixture of high pressureand high temperature water with the gases of combustion, all in theheterogeneous mixture typical of the wet oxidation process.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a method andapparatus for the continuous recovery of energy from a wet oxidation,products stream flow.

It is another object of the present invention to enhance the efficiencyof the extraction of thermal energy from a steam, water and gas mix byimproving the mechanics of spent steam condensation.

It is a further object of the present invention to simultaneouslyextract kinetic energy from water, vapor, and gas.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide for theextraction of kinetic energy from heat energy from the pressurizedfluids mix of wet combustion.

These and other objects of the present invention, which will becomeapparent from the description to follow, are accomplished by theimprovements hereinafter described and claimed.

In general, an energy recovery assembly for recovering energy from a wetoxidation, products stream flow includes a reaction barrel rotatablymounted about an axle. The reaction barrel has at least one race andeach race has at least one rocket nozzle disposed thereon. Conduits areprovided to transfer the stream flow to the rocket nozzles, such thatthe stream flow is expelled through the rocket nozzles causing thereaction barrel to rotate about the axle.

The method of recovering energy from a wet oxidation products streamflow includes the steps of directing the stream flow to the reactionbarrel. The stream flow is channeled to each of the rocket nozzles inorder to cause the reaction barrel to rotate about the axle. Rotationalenergy from the reaction barrel is imparted to a generator wherebyelectrical energy is generated.

A preferred exemplary energy recovery assembly incorporating theconcepts of the present invention is shown by way of example in theaccompanying drawings without attempting to show all the various formsand modifications in which the invention might be embodied, theinvention being measured by the appended claims and not by the detailsof the specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a wet combustion deviceillustrating its interrelation with a power recovery assembly accordingto the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a sectional, side elevational and partially broken away viewof a power recovery reaction barrel according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 3--3 of FIG.2.

FIG. 4 is a partially sectioned side elevational view of the reactionbarrel of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 5--5 of FIG.4.

FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a rocket nozzle device as employed by thepresent invention.

PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

A power recovery assembly according to the present invention isschematically shown in FIG. 1 and generally indicated by the numeral 10.Assembly 10 is shown in an exemplary environment, namely, as employedwith a gravity pressure reactor vessel generally indicated by thenumeral 11. As is known in the art, a gravity pressure reactor vessel 11may be employed to facilitate wet oxidation of various organicmaterials. Such a vessel is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,792,408 towhich reference is made for a further understanding of one possibleenvironment for the subject invention. However, assembly may be employedwith any wet oxidation, products stream flow.

In the environment of a gravity pressure reactor vessel 11, a tank 12receives a water, fuel or waste mix via feed stream 13. A typical wasteproduct feed stream 13 may consist of about one pound of organicmaterial for every ten pounds of water. The feed stream is usuallyblended in tank 12 in order to equalize the organic content to thereactor vessel 11. The organic constituent may vary from municipalsludge, hazardous waste, coal, peat or any other such material. Theexact nature of the feed stream 13 is not critical to the presentinvention, and indeed, wet oxidation reactor vessels may be employedwith a variety of feed stream components.

An uptake draft or reactor feed stream 14 conveys the water and fuel mixto the gravity pressure reactor vessel 11, and oxygen or air is suppliedvia supply line 15 and pump 16. The water and fuel mix and the air oroxygen supply are delivered to the bottom of the reactor as at 17, wherewet combustion of the fuel is effected. As is known in the art, wetcombustion may be accomplished at subcritical or supercriticalconditions, and both combustions are within the scope of the presentinvention.

As described above, the feed stream components to wet oxidation reactorswill vary, often from moment-to-moment. This is especially true when thereactor is employed to oxidize waste products. Therefore, the reactorproducts stream flow components, which are carried to the top of thereactor through updraft column 20, will also vary. For example, typicalgravity pressure reactor vessels, such as reactor vessel Il, with airfeed may have a products stream flow which consists of about two poundsof water for every pound of gas and typically five parts nitrogen toeach part of carbon dioxide. For a pure oxygen feed system, it is oftenfound that there will be one pound of oxygen for each pound of organics.Furthermore, outlet conditions may typically find pressures as high as400 psi and temperatures of 380° F., or higher. Again, all outletcomponents and conditions may vary and still be useful with the presentinvention.

The wet oxidation, products stream flow is preferably filtered, asthrough filter 21, which may be employed to separate particulate matter,gases or liquids. However, it is preferred that all gases and liquids bepassed through filter 21 in order to recover as much energy as possiblefrom the stream flow. After passing through filter 21, the filteredstream flow may be conveyed to a control valve 22 which may be employedto regulate the stream flow to the energy recovery assembly 10.

As shown in FIG. 4, energy recovery assembly 10 includes an enclosedchamber 30 as defined, for example, by chamber walls 31. Chamber walls31 support a reaction barrel generally indicated by the numeral 32.Reaction barrel 32 is rotatably mounted about an axis such as defined byan axle 33. Axle 33 is supported by chamber walls 31, and is preferablyprovided with a water tight shaft seal 34. The products stream which iscarried by updraft column 20 preferably flows through axle 33, which forthat purpose is provided with a bore 35.

Reaction barrel 32 includes at least one, and preferably more than one,disk-like race 40 affixed to and otherwise rotatable with axle 33. Inthe embodiment depicted in the drawings, reaction barrel 32 is shown asincluding four races 40a-40d. It is preferred that each disk-like race40a-40d be supported in juxtaposition with the adjacent race, andcircumferentially about axle 33.

As shown in FIG. 3, each race such as race 40a, is provided with anumber of rocket nozzles 41 such as rocket nozzles 41a-41h. Rocketnozzles 41 are evenly spaced on the outer rim 42 of disk-like race 40a.As will be further described hereinbelow, there is provided a conduitnetwork for transferring the reactor products stream flow to the rocketnozzles 41. Water, flashing steam and expanding gases are expelledthrough rocket nozzles 41, which causes reaction barrel 32 to rotateabout the axis of axle 33. Reaction barrel 32 is preferably attached toa standard electrical generator 43 (FIG. 1) such as via, for example, aconventional attachment coupling 44 (FIG. 2). Thus, rotation of reactionbarrel 32 imparts rotational energy to the generator, causing thegenerator to also rotate and generate electricity thereby effectingenergy recovery.

The reactor product stream flow travels via updraft column 20 to bore 35of axle 33. Bore 35 in turn communicates with a stream flow entranceport 50 in each race 40. Stream flow entrance port 50 communicates withan entrance duct 51. As will be more fully appreciated from thediscussion to follow, races 40a-40d may be provided with more than oneentrance duct 51, and, in fact, two such entrance ducts 51 are shown inFIG. 3. Each duct 51 connects and communicates with a plurality ofnozzle ducts 52. The number of nozzle ducts 52 corresponds to the numberof rocket nozzles 41 for each race 40.

With reference to FIG. 3, a reactor products stream flow which ischanneled through bore 35, enters stream flow entrance port 50. Thestream flow travels along each entrance duct 51, then along each nozzleduct 52, and is then expelled through each rocket nozzle 41, causing therotation of reactor barrel 32 described hereinabove. Thus, eachsuccessive element of the conduit network, i.e., bore 35, entrance duct51 and nozzle duct 52, communicates with the next element. By"communicate" it is understood to mean connecting such that liquids,vapor, gases and the like, may pass from one to the other. Wet oxidationproduct stream flows have high pressure and temperature characteristics.Thus, the stream flow is caused to travel wherever a communicatingconduit is placed.

It is known that wet oxidation reactor, products stream flows mayinclude bubbles, which because of the different flow velocities betweengases and liquids, will cause burst events in the flow. Therefore, inorder to compensate for these burst events, nozzle ducts 52 are ofvarying length in relation to their proximity to entrance port 50. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 3, nozzle duct 52a is shorter in length thannozzle duct 52b, which is itself shorter than 52c and so forth, to thelongest nozzle duct 52d. Furthermore, nozzle duct 52a is the same lengthas nozzle duct 52e; nozzle duct 52b is the same length as nozzle duct52f; nozzle duct 52c is the same length as nozzle duct 52g; and, nozzleduct 52d is the same length as nozzle duct 52h. Therefore, when a burstevent or normal high pressure steam/water/gas flow event enters throughentrance port 50, it is caused to travel through entrance duct 51. Aportion of the event then enters nozzle ducts 52d and simultaneously,nozzle duct 52h. The remaining portions of the event continue to travelalong entrance duct 51, where another portion of the eventsimultaneously enters nozzle ducts 52c and 52g, and so forth, until thelast portions of the event simultaneously enters nozzle ducts 52a and52e.

By "event" as used herein, it is understood to mean a burst event orother flow of steam, water, gas or other components as may be ducted tothe reaction barrel 32 for energy recovery.

This arrangement of lengths of nozzle ducts 52, ensures that the eventis discharged from opposite rocket nozzles 41 simultaneously. That is, aportion of the event will be expelled through nozzle duct pairs 41d and41h at the same moment. Similarly, the event will be expelled fromrocket nozzle pairs 41c and 41g; 41b and 41f; and, 41a and 41esimultaneously.

It is further preferred that a simultaneous expulsion of an event from arocket nozzle 41 pair be staggered from all other pairs in the givenrace 40. That is, the event is expelled from rocket nozzle pair 41a and41e at a different moment than it is expelled from rocket nozzle pairs41b and 41f.

This staggered expulsion of the event, together with simultaneousexpulsion from opposite pairs of rocket nozzles 41, insures that anequal and opposite force is exerted upon a given race 40, and that therotation of the race 40 about axle 33 is as smooth as possible. Byfurther staggering the rocket nozzles 41 of each juxtaposed race 40, therotation of reaction barrel 32 is assured of being smooth, thusdecreasing wear and fatigue potential.

It is still further preferred as depicted in FIG. 3, to vary thediameter of entrance duct 51 between each successive nozzle duct 52 withwhich it communicates. Thus, the diameter of entrance duct 51 proximateto entrance port 50 is wider than that of entrance duct 51 proximatenozzle duct 52a. One skilled in the art will appreciate the diametersand lengths of entrance duct 51, as well as the diameters and lengths ofnozzle ducts 52 necessary to achieve the staggered, equal and oppositeevents discussed hereinabove.

By way of example only, the length of entrance duct 51 and nozzle duct52a (and hence 52e) may be one foot. That is, the distance betweenentrance port 50 and rocket nozzle 41a (and similarly, between entranceport 50 and rocket nozzle 41e) may be one foot. Between entrance port 50and rocket nozzle 41b (and 41f) may be 1.25 feet; between entrance port50 and rocket nozzle 41c (and 41q) may be 1.50 feet; and, betweenentrance port 50 and rocket nozzle 41d (and 41h) may be 1.75 feet long.If an event (a mixture of air, CO₂, water, steam and the like) entersthrough entrance port 50 at 25 feet per second, the event will arrivesimultaneously at rocket nozzle pair 41a and 41e after 0.04 seconds; atrocket nozzle pair 41b and 41f after 0.05 seconds; at rocket nozzle pair41c and 41g after 0.06 seconds; and, at rocket nozzle pair 41d and 41hafter 0.07 seconds. Thus, the event is expelled from rocket nozzle 41pairs simultaneously, while being staggered from pair to pair, and theoverall wear of reaction barrel 32 is decreased. Furthermore, the speedof the rotation of reaction barrel 32 is increased, as is efficiency ofenergy recovery.

It is also preferred that each rocket nozzle 41 of each race 40 bestaggered with respect to the rocket nozzles 41 of the immediatelyjuxtaposed race 40 (FIG. 2). In order to provide for such staggeredalignment of each rocket nozzle 41, each race 40 may be provided with aplurality of apertures 60 (FIG. 3). Apertures 60 may be used as boltholes, so that each juxtaposed race 40 is connected to the adjacent race40 by a different bolt hole or aperture 60 than the adjacent race.Fastening bolts are not depicted in the drawings, and it will beappreciated that staggered alignment of the rocket nozzles 41 may beaccomplished by other methods.

Each rocket nozzle 41, as shown in FIG. 6, has an inner surface 70shaped for efficient expansion of fluids and gases which are expelled athigh velocity through a relatively small orifice 71, formed by orificewalls 72. As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the shape ofrocket nozzle inner surface 70 and the size of orifice 71 may varydepending upon fluid hydrodynamics. Also, the exact material of whichorifice walls 72 are fabricated is not critical, but it is preferredthat it be a ceramic or other material not prone to erode rapidly underadverse conditions.

For the sake of maintenance, orifice 71 may be expendable by makingorifice walls 72 threadably or otherwise disengageable from rocketnozzle 41. Rocket nozzle 41 may also be provided with threads, as at 73,which mate with corresponding threads on race 40. Thus, each rocketnozzle 41 is removable from race 40 to provide access to orifice 71, andfor other maintenance purposes.

Chamber 30 may be a vacuum chamber which has vacuum pressure regulatedas by vacuum pumps 80 connected to chamber 30 via connector 81 (FIGS. 1and 5). By lowering the pressure in chamber 30, more water in thepressurized stream flow channeled to rocket nozzles 41 is flashed tosteam. Because of the presence of certain noncondensable gases, it isdifficult to obtain a vacuum, although pressures as low as 0.5atmospheres or lower may be obtained. The exiting water, through orifice71, has a set level of energy content. That is, after the pressure drop,the water can only contain a set level of energy. The remaining energymust be lost in throttling and converted by phase change to steam. Thethrust imposed by the rocket nozzles 41 is a function of all of thegases present, such as steam, carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen. Thelower the pressure in chamber 30 when this liquid/vapor/gas mixtureexits rocket nozzle 41, the larger the volume of the gases and flashingsteam. The larger the volume of the gases and flashing steam, thegreater the escape velocity from the rocket nozzle 41, and as known inthe art, the greater the thrust imparted. The greater the thrustimparted, the more efficient is the generation of electricity bygenerator 43.

Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, it is preferred that chamber 30 be cooled bywater provided in cooling conduits 90. Incoming cooling water isprovided through water feed 91, such as by use of a pump 91a (FIG. 1),which directs water to a first ring water chest chamber 92. Water thenpasses through a cooling conduit 90 to a second ring water chest chamber93, which causes the now partially warmed water to be directed toanother ring water chest chamber 94. This same pathway continues throughconduits 90 in the direction shown by arrows in FIG. 4, throughsuccessive ring water chest chambers 95 and 96. From ring water chestchamber 96, the heated water is extracted via outlet 97, where it may becollected. As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, thecounterflow between cooling water and condensing steam exiting rocketnozzles 41 will increase the efficiency of the system.

It will be appreciated that water cooling conduits 90 may be tap wateror water from another source at numerous temperatures. However, it ispreferred that the water in cooling conduits 90 be cooled, such as by acooling tower (not shown) and a heat exchanger using liquid oxygenevaporation (not shown). The evaporated oxygen may then be directed togravity pressure reactor vessel 11 to supply the necessary oxygen foroxidation. It is preferred that the cooling water be recirculated fromsuch a heat exchanger to cooling conduits 90, and back again in a closedsystem.

Further, a wet well 98 is provided to collect condensate, which may beremoved by water removal pumps 99. A wet well conduit 100 may recyclewater to tank 12 for reuse of residual heat which may reside in thewater.

It is known that the energy in water under pressure can be extractedusing a water wheel or water turbine. However, the energy derived fromthe wet oxidation of combustible materials is unique. The vast majorityof its energy is not in the water pressure itself, but rather is in theheat energy content of the fluids mix.

The potential energy in water at 400 pounds per square inch (psi) can berepresented as a head of pressure expressed in feet of a water column920 feet high. By pushing twenty-three gallons per minute to thisheight, or 3.2 pounds per second, there would be 2,944 foot pounds persecond or the energy equivalent of about four Kilowatts. The temperatureof the water is not involved to any significant degree.

If that same twenty-three gallons per minute were forced through a onequarter inch diameter orifice, the water would exit at about 180 feetper second. The water from Wet oxidation is thermally saturated whichmeans a portion of it will flash to steam. Moreover, the entrained airwill discharge as an aerosol increasing the velocity further. A specificproduct of combustion, carbon dioxide, which under the deliverypressures will likely be in the form of a dissolved carbonic acid, willrevert to a gas on sudden release of pressure, and enhance the rocketeffect of the fluids emerging from rocket nozzles 41 into the partiallyevacuated chamber 30. Because of this, when it is desirable to dilutethe strength of the oxygen feed to the wet oxidation process, the use ofcarbon dioxide gas is recommended. The combined vapor and gases, steam,air, and carbon dioxide will produce as much as a nine fold increase inthe overall exit velocity. About half of this is attributable to thesteam and half attributable to the noncondensable gases, depending onthe degree of partial evacuation of the chamber.

The formula for power production from a jet of fluid is the massmultiplied by the difference in velocity of the jet and the velocity ofthe device, multiplied by the velocity of the device. If a preselecteddiameter of for example three feet, and a rotation of 1760 revolutionsper minute is selected (not necessarily the optimum), all of thevariables are known. The same twenty-three gallons per minute of theprevious example would produce 40,615 foot pounds per second or nearlyfifty-five Kilowatts.

In terms of efficiency, fifty-five Kilowatts amounts to 52,129 BritishThermal Units per second or 187,664 Dritish Thermal Units per hour. Thetwenty-three gallons per minute equates to 11,523 pounds per hour, witha heat loss from 440° F. to 212° F. of 2,800,000 British Thermal Unitsper hour, most of which will end up in the cooling system.

The above example employing twenty-three gallons per minute as a productstream flow from a reactor vessel is exemplary only, and is not alimitation of the present invention. For instance it is known that deepwell gravity pressure reactor vessels will often produce a flow in arange of 130 to 2300 gallons per minute. The latter flow will produce asmuch as 5500 Kilowatts of recovered energy.

It should thus be evident that the method and apparatus disclosed hereinis capable of recovering energy from a wet oxidation stream flow. Oneskilled in the art will appreciate that the method and device asexemplified herein may be varied without departing from the scope of theinvention. Moreover, the invention includes all such modifications andvariations that fall within the scope of the attached claims.

I claim:
 1. Apparatus for recovering energy from a wet oxidation,products stream flow comprising a reaction barrel mounted on an axle forrotation therewith; said reaction barrel having a plurality of racesdisposed in juxtaposition and circumferentially about said axle; whereineach said race is disk-like in shape, and has an outer rim; rocketnozzle means disposed on each said race; said rocket nozzle meansincluding a plurality of nozzles disposed upon and evenly spaced uponsaid rim of each said race in staggered alignment with said nozzle ofthe respective immediately adjacent at least one said race, conduitmeans to transfer a wet oxidation, products stream flow to said rocketnozzle means; such that the stream flow is expelled through said rocketnozzle means causing said reaction barrel to rotate.
 2. Apparatusaccording to claim 1, further comprising a vacuum chamber housing saidreaction barrel.
 3. Apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising avacuum pump for said chamber, and means to regulate vacuum pressurewithin said chamber.
 4. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein, foreach said rate, said rocket nozzle means includes a plurality ofnozzles, a conduit means including a stream flow entrance port, and aplurality of first ducts in communication with said port and saidnozzles.
 5. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said conduit meansfurther includes a plurality of nozzle ducts equal to the number of saidnozzles, each said nozzle duct being in communication with one saidnozzle.
 6. Apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said nozzle ducts areof varying length and having respective first ends spaced along saidfirst ducts from said entrance portion, such that each said respectivenozzle ducts having first ends starting with said nozzle duct which isclosest to said entrance port along said first ducts, are successivelylonger than the next said nozzle duct along respective said first duct.7. Apparatus for recovering energy from a wet oxidation, products streamflow comprising a reaction barrel mounted on an axle for rotationtherewith; said reaction barrel having a plurality of races; rocketnozzle means disposed on each said race; conduit means to transfer thestream flow to said rocket nozzle means; said rocket nozzle meansincluding a plurality of nozzles; said conduit means including a streamflow entrance port, and a plurality of first ducts in communication withsaid port and said nozzles; said conduit means further including aplurality of nozzle ducts, equal to the number of said nozzles whichhave respective first ends spaced along said first ducts from saidentrance port, each said nozzle duct being in communication with onesaid nozzle; said nozzle ducts being of varying length, such that eachsaid nozzle duct starting with said respective nozzle ducts having firstends which is closest to said entrance port along said first ducts, aresuccessively longer than the next said nozzle duct along respective saidfirst duct; such that the stream flow is expelled through said rocketnozzle means causing said reaction barrel to rotate.
 8. Apparatusaccording to claim 6, or claim 7 wherein each said race is provided withtwo said first ducts radiating from and in communication with saidentrance port.
 9. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said race isprovided with four said nozzle ducts radiating from and in communicationwith each said first duct.
 10. Apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 7further comprising a chamber housing said reaction barrel and means tocool said chamber.
 11. Apparatus according to claim 10, wherein saidmeans to cool includes a plurality of ring water chest chamberssurrounding said reactor barrel.
 12. Apparatus according to claim 11,wherein said chamber includes a wet well to collect condensate.